Appium troubleshooting and error handling require a systematic approach to identify issues related to device configuration, locator failures, driver compatibility, and environment setup. Many common errors arise from outdated SDKs, missing dependencies, or incorrect desired capabilities, so verifying versions and configurations is an essential first step. Locator failures often occur due to dynamic UI elements, making it necessary to use stable selectors like accessibility IDs and validate them with Appium Inspector. Connection issues between the Appium server and devices can usually be resolved by restarting services, reconnecting devices, or clearing cached sessions. For driver-related problems, updating or reinstalling platform drivers such as UIAutomator2 or XCUITest often resolves conflicts. Maintaining clean logs and using structured debugging techniques helps teams quickly identify root causes and ensure stable, reliable mobile automation.