One of the top challenges in Appium mobile testing is maintaining stability across diverse devices, OS versions, and screen sizes, which often leads to flaky tests and inconsistent results. Element identification can also be difficult due to dynamic UI components, animations, and hybrid app structures. Test execution speed is another concern, as Appium relies on a client–server architecture that can slow down interactions compared to native automation tools. Setting up reliable CI/CD pipelines for mobile testing requires additional device management and environment configuration. Additionally, handling permissions, gestures, and system-level interactions often demands complex workarounds. Ensuring test reliability on real devices versus emulators, managing dependencies, and keeping pace with frequent OS updates further contribute to the overall complexity of Appium-based mobile testing.