Area	Sub‑Area	Action Items
0) Readiness & Goals	SLOs & Metrics	Define business SLOs, Core Web Vitals, establish baselines, create dashboards, prepare test data
	Profiling	Enable APM/Tracing, endpoint heatmaps, profilers, DB slow query logs, Lighthouse runs
1) Quick Wins	Immediate Optimizations	Enable compression, cache static assets, use CDN, connection reuse, image optimization, lazy-load, fix N+1 queries
A) Application Layer	Framework Settings	Production mode, config/route/view cache, autoloader optimization, template caching, DTO optimization, pagination, compression
	Code Quality	Remove N+1 queries, memoization, async external calls, circuit breakers/timeouts, reduce payloads, early validation, idempotency
	Language-Specific	PHP: OPcache, Octane, Horizon, Redis, Eloquent optimizations; Spring Boot: JVM heap, GC, HikariCP tuning, Actuator; Flask: gunicorn/uwsgi tuning, async; Node.js: clustering, connection pools, monitor event loop
	API Design	Idempotent GETs, PATCH for partial updates, ETags, rate limits, batch endpoints
B) Backend Runtime	General	LTS runtimes, JIT/OPcache, minimal base images, container resource limits, warm-up strategies
C) Frontend	Web Assets	Lighthouse audits, bundle splitting, tree-shaking, minification, HTTP/2 or 3, critical CSS inlined, preload/preconnect, font optimization, Service Worker caching, limit 3rd-party scripts
D) Database	SQL Engine	Correct engine, buffer pool sizing, connection pools, indexing, query rewrites, replicas for reads, caching, analyze/vacuum/optimize, backup & recovery
E) Caches & Messaging	Redis/Memcached, Queues	Namespaces & TTLs, cache stampede protection, CDN caching, message queues for async tasks
F) Web Server/Proxy	Nginx/Apache/Tomcat	Worker tuning, keep-alive, compression, serve static via CDN, health checks, TLS optimization
G) Operating System	Linux/Windows	Increase ulimit, kernel TCP tuning, adjust swappiness, disable THP, NUMA tuning, time sync
H) Network & Dependencies	Latency Reduction	DNS latency check, TLS optimization, connection pooling, audit third-party APIs
I) Observability & Guardrails	Monitoring	Centralized logging, RED/USE dashboards, SLO alerting, exception tracking, feature flags, canaries
J) Load & Resilience Testing	Testing	Define load/stress/spike/soak tests, tools (k6, JMeter, Locust), capture capacity curves, chaos experiments
K) Cloud/Infra	Kubernetes/VMs	Right-size instances, autoscaling, pod requests/limits, node locality, service mesh overhead review
L) Data Shape & Storage	Payload/Data	Cap payloads, compress responses, use object storage, partition large tables, archival policies
M) Security vs Performance	Secure & Fast	WAF/CDN profiling, JWT size control, efficient crypto, TLS offload at edge
N) CI/CD & Governance	DevOps	Performance budgets in CI, regression tests, DB migration rehearsals, release changelogs with perf notes
O) Playbooks & Runbooks	Incident Mgmt	High latency runbooks, DB emergency actions, cache outage mitigation
P) Verification	Post-Changes	Before/after metrics comparison, user-visible improvements validated, update capacity plan
Appendix: Laravel	Optimization	Config/route/view cache, Octane with Swoole, Eloquent optimizations, Redis for cache/session/queue
Appendix: Spring Boot	Optimization	HikariCP tuning, G1/ZGC, JFR, Undertow/Netty, Micrometer + Prometheus/Grafana
Appendix: Flask	Optimization	Gunicorn tuning, preload, async frameworks, template caching
Appendix: MySQL/MariaDB	Optimization	Buffer pool/log sizing, slow query log, indexing, duplicate index cleanup
Appendix: Nginx/Apache/Tomcat	Optimization	Worker tuning, Brotli, static serving via CDN, Tomcat thread tuning
Appendix: Linux	Sysctl & Limits	Ulimit ≥ 65535, sysctl tuning, swappiness, disable THP

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0) Readiness & Goals

since you’re on XAMPP + Laravel + PHP + MySQL + Linux, and you want SLIs (latency, error rate, throughput) & metrics just in your Dev environment, you don’t need enterprise-grade APMs like New Relic yet. Laravel/PHP has some native and lightweight options that can give you per-request response time, DB query timings, and code profiling.

Here’s a structured set of recommendations:

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🔹 Native / Laravel-Friendly Tooling

1. Laravel Telescope (Official)

• What it does:
  • Profiles each request (execution time, memory, status code).
  • Shows all queries with timing, N+1 warnings, slow query detection.
  • Displays jobs, cache hits/misses, exceptions, mail, logs, etc.
• Why good for Dev: Easy to install, beautiful dashboard, zero external infra.
• Install: composer require laravel/telescope --dev php artisan telescope:install php artisan migrate php artisan serve
• Accessible at /telescope in dev.

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2. Laravel Debugbar

• What it does:
  • Adds a debug toolbar at the bottom of each page.
  • Shows request duration, memory usage, DB queries with time.
  • Highlights slow queries and duplicate queries.
• Why good for Dev: Extremely lightweight, immediate visibility.
• Install: composer require barryvdh/laravel-debugbar --dev

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3. Clockwork

• What it does:
  • Adds Chrome/Firefox extension for profiling Laravel requests.
  • Records request duration, queries, cache, events, logs, timeline.
  • More “developer-friendly” than Debugbar because it integrates with browser dev tools.
• Install: composer require itsgoingd/clockwork --dev php artisan vendor:publish --tag=clockwork-config
• View in Clockwork browser extension or /__clockwork endpoint.

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4. XHProf / Tideways / Blackfire (Low-Level Profilers)

• What they do:
  • Provide per-function and per-line profiling.
  • Show CPU time, memory usage, call counts.
  • Help track bottlenecks beyond queries (e.g., loops, serialization).
• Why good for Dev: Deeper insight when Laravel Telescope/Debugbar isn’t enough.
• Options:
  • XHProf (free, simple, supported by XHGUI web UI).
  • Tideways/XHProf fork (better maintained).
  • Blackfire.io (commercial but free Dev tier).

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🔹 Metrics & SLI Extraction

Since you want SLIs (latency, error rate, throughput), you can:

1. Use Laravel Telescope / Debugbar Data
   • Export query logs & request timings → store in Prometheus/Grafana (optional).
2. Laravel Prometheus Exporter
   • Package: superbalist/laravel-prometheus-exporter.
   • Exposes a /metrics endpoint for Prometheus with:
     • Request duration histogram
     • Query count & time
     • Cache hits/misses
     • Jobs queued/processed
3. Self-hosted Grafana + Prometheus (optional for Dev)
   • Pull /metrics endpoint.
   • Create SLI dashboards:
     • Latency: http_request_duration_seconds p95, p99.
     • Error rate: http_requests_total{status="5xx"} / http_requests_total.
     • Traffic: requests/sec.

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✅ Suggested Dev Setup (Practical & Lightweight)

1. Start with Laravel Telescope → best native tool for queries + request profiling.
2. Add Clockwork or Debugbar → for real-time in-browser visibility.
3. If you want structured SLI metrics → add Laravel Prometheus Exporter and run Prometheus + Grafana in Docker.
4. For deeper profiling → plug in XHProf/XHGUI when you hit complex bottlenecks.

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👉 My recommendation:

• Use Telescope + Debugbar for day-to-day dev.
• Add Prometheus Exporter only if you want a Grafana SLI dashboard.
• Keep XHProf/XHGUI in your toolkit for deep-dive debugging.

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Database

Great question. Here’s a practical, safe set of MySQL/MariaDB settings you can enable/tune to process queries efficiently and avoid CPU/memory blow-ups, tailored for a web app (Laravel/PHP) on InnoDB. I’ve grouped them by purpose and included suggested starting values plus a ready-to-drop my.cnf template. (Use InnoDB everywhere; avoid MyISAM for OLTP.)

Key principles (before you tune)

• Prefer InnoDB; set proper memory split: big “global” InnoDB cache, small “per-connection” buffers (to avoid RAM spikes).
• Keep max_connections realistic; too high → memory explosion under load.
• Turn on slow query log and fix queries/indexes first—it’s the biggest win.

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A) Core InnoDB memory & durability

Setting	What it does	Starting point (single DB server)	Notes
innodb_buffer_pool_size	Main data+index cache	60–70% of RAM (DB-only host)	Largest lever for CPU (less I/O).
innodb_buffer_pool_instances	Concurrency in buffer pool	1 per ~8–16GB (e.g., 2 for 16GB)	Don’t overdo; 1–8 is typical.
innodb_log_file_size	Redo log size	1–4GB total (e.g., 2×1GB)	Bigger = fewer flushes; faster writes.
innodb_log_buffer_size	Buffer for redo before flush	64–256MB	Helps heavy write bursts.
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit	Durability vs speed	1 (full ACID) or 2 (faster dev)	2 reduces fsyncs (OK in dev).
innodb_flush_method	Flush mode	O_DIRECT (Linux)	Helps avoid double buffering.
innodb_file_per_table	Tablespaces	ON	Default; good for space and manageability.
innodb_flush_neighbors	SSD optimization	0 (on SSD/NVMe)	Reduces extra flush work.

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B) Concurrency & CPU

Setting	What it does	Starting point	Notes
MariaDB thread_pool=ON	Thread pool (caps active threads)	ON	Great at preventing CPU thrash (MariaDB only).
innodb_thread_concurrency	InnoDB internal concurrency	0 (auto)	Let InnoDB self-tune.
table_open_cache	Open tables cache	2000–4000	Raise if “Opened_tables” increases quickly.
table_definition_cache	Cached table defs	2000	Helps many tables/schemas.
open_files_limit	Process file limit	>= 65535	Aligns with table cache.
skip-name-resolve	Avoid DNS on connect	Enable	Prevents connect latency spikes.

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C) Per-connection memory (prevent RAM blow-ups)

These allocate per connection. Keep them modest and keep max_connections realistic.

Setting	Purpose	Starting point	Warning
max_connections	Hard cap on sessions	150–300	Each conn can allocate MBs → memory spikes.
tmp_table_size	Mem temp tables	64–128MB	Pairs with max_heap_table_size.
max_heap_table_size	In-RAM temp tables	64–128MB	Don’t set wildly high.
join_buffer_size	No-index joins	256KB–1MB	Per-join, per-thread; keep small.
sort_buffer_size	ORDER BY sorts	512KB–2MB	Too big × many connections = OOM.
read_buffer_size	Seq. scans	512KB–1MB	Keep conservative.
read_rnd_buffer_size	Random reads after sort	256KB–1MB	Keep conservative.

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D) Optimizer & SQL safety

Setting	What it does	Starting point	Notes
sql_require_primary_key (MySQL 8+)	Enforce PKs	ON	Vital for InnoDB performance & replication.
optimizer_switch	Plan tweaks	Defaults are fine	Focus on indexes first.
innodb_autoinc_lock_mode	AUTO_INCREMENT contention	2	Better concurrency.

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E) I/O & background

Setting	What it does	Starting point	Notes
innodb_io_capacity	Flush/IO pacing	200–800 (SATA) / 1000–4000 (NVMe)	Match device capability.
innodb_read_io_threads	Parallel read threads	4	4–8 typical.
innodb_write_io_threads	Parallel write threads	4	4–8 typical.
innodb_adaptive_hash_index	Hot-range acceleration	ON (default)	Consider OFF if contention (rare).

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F) Logging & instrumentation

Setting	Purpose	Suggested
slow_query_log=ON	Capture slow queries	Turn on in dev and prod.
long_query_time=0.2	Slow threshold	200ms (dev). 0.5–1s in prod.
log_queries_not_using_indexes=ON	Find table scans	Use in dev (noisy in prod).
performance_schema	Engine for metrics	Keep ON, but avoid enabling every consumer (memory!).

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G) Binary logs & timeouts (dev vs prod)

Setting	Purpose	Dev	Prod
skip-log-bin or log_bin	Binary logging	Disable if no replicas	Enable (HA/backups)
sync_binlog	Crash safety for binlog	0	1 (strong durability)
wait_timeout	Idle conn close	60–300s	300–600s
interactive_timeout	Idle interactive	300–600s	600–1800s

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H) MariaDB specifics (if you’re on MariaDB)

Setting	Why	Value
thread_pool=ON	Avoid CPU storms under load	ON
Query Cache	Causes contention	OFF (remove/disable)
aria_pagecache_buffer_size	If using Aria tmp tables	Keep small; prefer InnoDB tmp tables

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Ready-to-use my.cnf template (Linux)

Adjust memory-sized values to your RAM. Example below assumes ~16GB host primarily for MySQL.

[mysqld]
# General
user = mysql
bind-address = 0.0.0.0
skip-name-resolve
sql_require_primary_key = ON

# InnoDB core
default_storage_engine = InnoDB
innodb_buffer_pool_size = 10G
innodb_buffer_pool_instances = 2
innodb_log_file_size = 1G
innodb_log_buffer_size = 256M
innodb_flush_log_at_trx_commit = 2      # 1 in prod for full durability
innodb_flush_method = O_DIRECT
innodb_file_per_table = 1
innodb_flush_neighbors = 0
innodb_autoinc_lock_mode = 2
innodb_io_capacity = 1000
innodb_read_io_threads = 4
innodb_write_io_threads = 4

# Concurrency & caches
table_open_cache = 4000
table_definition_cache = 2000
open_files_limit = 65535
max_connections = 250
thread_cache_size = 64

# Per-connection memory (keep conservative)
tmp_table_size = 128M
max_heap_table_size = 128M
join_buffer_size = 1M
sort_buffer_size = 1M
read_buffer_size = 1M
read_rnd_buffer_size = 1M

# Logging & instrumentation
slow_query_log = ON
slow_query_log_file = /var/log/mysql/slow.log
long_query_time = 0.2
log_queries_not_using_indexes = ON
performance_schema = ON

# Binary log (dev)
skip-log-bin
# For prod:
# log_bin = /var/lib/mysql/binlog
# sync_binlog = 1

# Timeouts
wait_timeout = 120
interactive_timeout = 600
Code language: PHP (php)

After changing redo log size (innodb_log_file_size), stop MySQL cleanly, rename old ib_logfiles if needed (MySQL 5.7), then start.

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How to confirm impact (quick checks)

• Memory planning (rule of thumb)
  Total RAM ≈ innodb_buffer_pool_size + global overhead + (max_connections × per-connection buffers peak)
  → Keep buffers modest; don’t push max_connections beyond what RAM allows.
• Watch these during load:
  • SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Threads_connected';
  • SHOW GLOBAL STATUS LIKE 'Opened_tables'; (shouldn’t climb too fast)
  • SHOW ENGINE INNODB STATUS; (check buffer pool hit rate, waits)
  • EXPLAIN ANALYZE <query> (MySQL 8+/MariaDB), fix missing indexes.
• Tune iteratively: raise table_open_cache if Opened_tables grows; reduce per-connection buffers if memory spikes; if CPU high with many threads, MariaDB thread_pool=ON (or reduce max_connections).

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Safe rollout order

1. Turn on slow log and fix top queries/indexes.
2. Set buffer pool (and redo log) to match RAM.
3. Cap max_connections and shrink per-connection buffers.
4. Enable skip-name-resolve, tune table caches.
5. Consider thread pool (MariaDB) and I/O capacity.
6. Re-test; iterate.